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In this blog, we’ll explore what Sjögren’s Syndrome is, how it affects the body, and what you can do if you or someone you know is living with it.
What is Sjögren’s Syndrome?
Sjögren’s Syndrome is an autoimmune disease where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own healthy tissue—specifically the exocrine glands. These are the glands that secrete moisture, such as salivary glands and tear glands. As a result, people with Sjögren’s commonly experience dry eyes and dry mouth, though other parts of the body can also be affected.
There are two types of Sjögren’s Syndrome:
- Primary Sjögren’s – Occurs on its own, without association with any other autoimmune diseases.
- Secondary Sjögren’s – Occurs in people who already have another autoimmune condition, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.
Who Is at Risk?
Sjögren’s can affect anyone, but the following groups are at higher risk:
- Women (accounting for nearly 90% of cases)
- People over the age of 40
- Individuals with other autoimmune conditions
- Family history of autoimmune diseases
Common Symptoms of Sjögren’s Syndrome
The hallmark symptoms are:
- Dry eyes (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) – A gritty, burning, or itchy sensation, as if sand is in the eyes.
- Dry mouth (xerostomia) – Difficulty swallowing, cracked lips, and frequent thirst.
Other possible symptoms include:
- Joint pain and stiffness
- Dry skin or rashes
- Persistent fatigue
- Swollen salivary glands (especially around the jaw)
- Vaginal dryness in women
- Difficulty speaking, chewing, or tasting
- Dental decay due to reduced saliva
- Persistent cough or hoarseness
- Because the condition affects multiple systems, symptoms can vary widely from person to person.
What Causes Sjögren’s Syndrome?
The exact cause of Sjögren’s is unknown, but it’s believed to involve a combination of genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and hormonal factors. Like other autoimmune diseases, it involves an immune system gone awry—attacking the body’s own tissues.
How Is Sjögren’s Syndrome Diagnosed?
Diagnosing Sjögren’s can be challenging because its symptoms overlap with many other conditions. A combination of tests is typically used, including:
- Blood Tests – To check for specific antibodies (such as anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB), elevated inflammation markers, and signs of other autoimmune diseases.
- Schirmer’s Test – Measures tear production.
- Salivary Flow Test or Scintigraphy – Assesses how well the salivary glands are functioning.
- Lip Biopsy – Involves removing a small piece of tissue from the inside of the lip to examine for lymphocyte infiltration.
Complications of Sjögren’s Syndrome
If left unmanaged, Sjögren’s can lead to complications such as:
- Corneal damage due to extreme eye dryness
- Tooth decay and oral infections
- Chronic bronchitis or other lung issues
- Kidney or liver dysfunction
- Vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels)
- Increased risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Is There a Cure?
Currently, there is no cure for Sjögren’s Syndrome. However, treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent complications.
Treatment Options
The goal of treatment is symptom control and prevention of long-term damage. Common treatment approaches include:
For Dry Eyes:
- Artificial tears and lubricating eye gels
- Prescription eye drops
- Punctal plugs to prevent tear drainage
For Dry Mouth:
- Sipping water frequently
- Sugar-free chewing gum or lozenges to stimulate saliva
- Saliva substitutes and oral rinses
For Systemic Symptoms:
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for joint pain
- Immunosuppressants like hydroxychloroquine
- Corticosteroids or biologics in severe cases
Lifestyle and Self-Care Tips
While medications help, self-care is essential for long-term management:
- Stay hydrated – Carry water wherever you go.
- Use a humidifier – Especially at night to relieve dryness.
- Oral hygiene – Brush and floss regularly; visit your dentist frequently.
- Eye care – Wear wrap-around glasses to reduce wind and dust exposure.
- Healthy diet – Anti-inflammatory foods can help reduce symptoms.
- Regular exercise – Keeps joints flexible and improves overall health.
Living With Sjögren’s: Emotional Well-being
Sjögren’s is an invisible illness, and the fatigue and dryness can be frustrating. Joining a support group, staying informed, and openly communicating with your healthcare team can go a long way in maintaining both physical and mental wellness.
When to See a Doctor
If you’re experiencing persistent dryness of the eyes or mouth, unexplained fatigue, or joint pain—don’t ignore the symptoms. Early diagnosis can prevent complications and improve your quality of life.
FAQs About Sjögren’s Syndrome
1. Is Sjögren’s Syndrome life-threatening?
While not typically life-threatening, Sjögren’s can lead to serious complications if untreated. Regular monitoring and care can help patients live a normal lifespan.
2. Can I still wear contact lenses with Sjögren’s Syndrome?
Yes, but it requires special care. Use moisture-rich lenses and consult your eye specialist for safe options.
3. Is Sjögren’s Syndrome hereditary?
There’s no direct inheritance, but autoimmune diseases can run in families. Having a family history may increase your risk.
Conclusion
Sjögren’s Syndrome may be a chronic condition, but with the right mix of medical care and lifestyle changes, individuals can lead healthy and fulfilling lives. If you suspect symptoms, early evaluation and multidisciplinary care can make all the difference
